English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  In response to chloroquine (CQ) resistance, the policy for the first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria in the Democratic Republic of East Timor (DRET) was changed in early 2000. The combination of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) was then introduced for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria.    Methods  Blood samples were collected in two different periods (2003–2004 and 2004–2005) from individuals attending hospitals or clinics in six districts of the DRET and checked for  Plasmodium falciparum  infection. 112 PCR-positive samples were inspected for genetic polymorphisms in the  pfcrt ,  pfmdr1 ,  pfdhfr  and  pfdhps  genes. Different alleles were interrogated for potential associations that could be indicative of non-random linkage.    Results  Overall prevalence of mutations associated with resistance to CQ and SP was extremely high. The mutant form of  Pfcrt  (76T) was found to be fixed even after five years of alleged CQ removal. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of the  pfdhps  437G mutation (X 2  = 31.1; p = 0.001) from the first to second survey periods. A non-random association was observed between  pfdhfr 51/ pfdhps 437 (p = 0.001) and  pfdhfr  59/ pfdhps  437 (p = 0.013) alleles.    Conclusion  Persistence of CQ-resistant mutants even after supposed drug withdrawal suggests one or all of the following: local  P. falciparum  may still be inadvertently exposed to the drug, that mutant parasites are being "imported" into the country, and/or reduced genetic diversity and low parasite transmission help maintain mutant haplotypes. The association between  pfdhfr 51/ pfdhps 437 and  pfdhfr  59/ pfdhps  437 alleles indicates that these are undergoing concomitant positive selection in the DRET.

Analysis of genetic mutations associated with anti-malarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum from the Democratic Republic of East Timor