English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Background  Drug resistant malaria poses an increasing public health problem in Indonesia, especially eastern Indonesia, where malaria is highly endemic. Widespread chloroquine (CQ) resistance and increasing sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance prompted Indonesia to adopt artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as first-line therapy in 2004. To help develop a suitable malaria control programme in the district of West Sumba, the seasonal distribution of alleles known to be associated with resistance to CQ and SP among  Plasmodium falciparum  isolates from the region was investigated.    Methods   Plasmodium falciparum  isolates were collected during malariometric surveys in the wet and dry seasons in 2007 using two-stage cluster sampling. Analysis of  pfcrt ,  pfmdr1 ,  pfmdr1  gene copy number,  dhfr , and  dhps  genes were done using protocols described previously.    Results and Discussion  The 76T allele of the  pfcrt  gene is nearing fixation in this population.  Pfmdr1  mutant alleles occurred in 72.8% and 53.3%, predominantly as 1042D and 86Y alleles that are mutually exclusive. The prevalence of amplified  pfmdr1  was found 41.9% and 42.8% of isolates in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The frequency of  dhfr  mutant alleles was much lower, either as a single 108N mutation or paired with 59R. The 437G allele was the only mutant  dhps  allele detected and it was only found during dry season.    Conclusion  The findings demonstrate a slighly higher distribution of drug-resistant alleles during the wet season and support the policy of replacing CQ with ACT in this area, but suggest that SP might still be effective either alone or in combination with other anti-malarials.

Seasonal distribution of anti-malarial drug resistance alleles on the island of Sumba, Indonesia