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Background  The purpose of this study was to establish whether the "bottle assay", a tool for monitoring insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, can complement and augment the capabilities of the established WHO assay, particularly in resource-poor, logistically challenging environments.    Methods  Laboratory reared  Aedes aegypti  and field collected  Anopheles darlingi  and  Anopheles albimanus  were used to assess the suitability of locally sourced solvents and formulated insecticides for use with the bottle assay. Using these adapted protocols, the ability of the bottle assay and the WHO assay to discriminate between deltamethrin-resistant  Anopheles albimanus  populations was compared. The diagnostic dose of deltamethrin that would identify resistance in currently susceptible populations of  An. darlingi  and  Ae. aegypti  was defined. The robustness of the bottle assay during a surveillance exercise in the Amazon was assessed.    Results  The bottle assay (using technical or formulated material) and the WHO assay were equally able to differentiate deltamethrin-resistant and susceptible  An. albimanus  populations. A diagnostic dose of 10 μg a.i./bottle was identified as the most sensitive discriminating dose for characterizing resistance in  An. darlingi  and  Ae. aegypti . Treated bottles, prepared using locally sourced solvents and insecticide formulations, can be stored for > 14 days and used three times. Bottles can be stored and transported under local conditions and field-assays can be completed in a single evening.    Conclusion  The flexible and portable nature of the bottle assay and the ready availability of its components make it a potentially robust and useful tool for monitoring insecticide resistance and efficacy in remote areas that require minimal cost tools.

Adaptation and evaluation of the bottle assay for monitoring insecticide resistance in disease vector mosquitoes in the Peruvian Amazon