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Background  The mosquito vectors of  Plasmodium  spp. have largely been overlooked in studies of ecology and evolution of avian malaria and other vertebrates in wildlife.    Methods   Plasmodium  DNA from wild-caught  Coquillettidia  spp. collected from lowland forests in Cameroon was isolated and sequenced using nested PCR. Female  Coquillettidia aurites  were also dissected and salivary glands were isolated and microscopically examined for the presence of sporozoites.    Results  In total, 33% (85/256) of mosquito pools tested positive for avian  Plasmodium  spp., harbouring at least eight distinct parasite lineages. Sporozoites of  Plasmodium  spp. were recorded in salivary glands of  C. aurites  supporting the PCR data that the parasites complete development in these mosquitoes. Results suggest  C. aurites ,  Coquillettidia pseudoconopas  and  Coquillettidia metallica  as new and important vectors of avian malaria in Africa. All parasite lineages recovered clustered with parasites formerly identified from several bird species and suggest the vectors capability of infecting birds from different families.    Conclusion  Identifying the major vectors of avian  Plasmodium  spp. will assist in understanding the epizootiology of avian malaria, including differences in this disease distribution between pristine and disturbed landscapes.

Coquillettidia (Culicidae, Diptera) mosquitoes are natural vectors of avian malaria in Africa