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Background  Urbanization has a great impact on the composition of the vector system and malaria transmission dynamics. In Dakar, some malaria cases are autochthonous but parasite rates and incidences of clinical malaria attacks have been recorded at low levels. Ecological heterogeneity of malaria transmission was investigated in Dakar, in order to characterize the  Anopheles  breeding sites in the city and to study the dynamics of larval density and adult aggressiveness in ten characteristically different urban areas.    Methods  Ten study areas were sampled in Dakar and Pikine. Mosquitoes were collected by human landing collection during four nights in each area (120 person-nights). The  Plasmodium falciparum  circumsporozoite (CSP) index was measured by ELISA and the entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were calculated. Open water collections in the study areas were monitored weekly for physico-chemical characterization and the presence of anopheline larvae. Adult mosquitoes and hatched larvae were identified morphologically and by molecular methods.    Results  In September-October 2007, 19,451 adult mosquitoes were caught among which, 1,101 were  Anopheles gambiae s.l . The Human Biting Rate ranged from 0.1 bites per person per night in Yoff Village to 43.7 in Almadies. Seven out of 1,101  An. gambiae s.l . were found to be positive for  P. falciparum  (CSP index = 0.64%). EIR ranged from 0 infected bites per person per year in Yoff Village to 16.8 in Almadies. The  An .  gambiae  complex population was composed of  Anopheles arabiensis  (94.8%) and  Anopheles melas  (5.2%). None of the  An. melas  were infected with  P. falciparum . Of the 54 water collection sites monitored, 33 (61.1%) served as anopheline breeding sites on at least one observation. No  An .  melas  was identified among the larval samples. Some physico-chemical characteristics of water bodies were associated with the presence/absence of anopheline larvae and with larval density. A very close parallel between larval and adult densities was found in six of the ten study areas.    Conclusion  The results provide evidence of malaria transmission in downtown Dakar and its surrounding suburbs. Spatial heterogeneity of human biting rates was very marked and malaria transmission was highly focal. In Dakar, mean figures for transmission would not provide a comprehensive picture of the entomological situation; risk evaluation should therefore be undertaken on a small scale.

Highly focused anopheline breeding sites and malaria transmission in Dakar