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Background  The identification of key molecules is crucial for designing transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs), among those ookinete micronemal proteins are candidate as a general class of malaria transmission-blocking targets. Here, the sequence analysis of an extra-cellular malaria protein expressed in ookinetes, named von Willebrand factor A domain-related protein (WARP), is reported in 91  Plasmodium vivax  isolates circulating in different regions of Iran.    Methods  Clinical isolates were collected from north temperate and southern tropical regions in Iran. Primers have been designed based on  P. vivax  sequence (ctg_6991) which amplified a fragment of about 1044 bp with no size variation. Direct sequencing of PCR products was used to determine polymorphism and further bioinformatics analysis in  P. vivax  sexual stage antigen,  pvwarp .    Results  Amplified  pvwarp  gene showed 886 bp in size, with no intron. BLAST analysis showed a similarity of 98–100% to  P. vivax  Sal-I strain; however, Iranian isolates had 2 bp mismatches in 247 and 531 positions that were non-synonymous substitution [T (ACT) to A (GCT) and R (AGA) to S (AGT)] in comparison with the Sal-I sequence.    Conclusion  This study presents the first large-scale survey on  pvwarp  polymorphism in the world, which provides baseline data for developing WARP-based TBV against both temperate and tropical  P. vivax  isolates.

Analysis of von Willebrand factor A domain-related protein (WARP) polymorphism in temperate and tropical Plasmodium vivax field isolates