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Background  A fast development of urban agriculture has recently taken place in many areas in the Republic of Benin. This study aims to assess the rapid expansion of urban agriculture especially, its contribution to the emergence of insecticide resistance in populations of  Anopheles gambiae .    Methods  The protocol was based on the collection of sociological data by interviewing vegetable farmers regarding various agricultural practices and the types of pesticides used. Bioassay tests were performed to assess the susceptibility of malaria vectors to various agricultural insecticides and biochemical analysis were done to characterize molecular status of population of  An. gambiae .    Results  This research showed that:  (1) The rapid development of urban agriculture is related to unemployment observed in cities, rural exodus and the search for a balanced diet by urban populations;  (2) Urban agriculture increases the farmers' household income and their living standard;  (3) At a molecular level, PCR revealed the presence of three sub-species of  An. gambiae  ( An. gambiae s.s., Anopheles melas and Anopheles arabiensis ) and two molecular forms (M and S). The  kdr  west mutation recorded in samples from the three sites and more specifically on the M forms seems to be one of the major resistance mechanisms found in  An. gambiae  from agricultural areas. Insecticide susceptibility tests conducted during this research revealed a clear pattern of resistance to permethrin (76% mortality rate at Parakou; 23.5% at Porto-Novo and 17% at Cotonou).    Conclusion  This study confirmed an increase activity of the vegetable farming in urban areas of Benin. This has led to the use of insecticide in an improper manner to control vegetable pests, thus exerting a huge selection pressure on mosquito larval population, which resulted to the emergence of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors.

Development of vegetable farming: a cause of the emergence of insecticide resistance in populations of Anopheles gambiae in urban areas of Benin