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Background  The Camargue region is a former malaria endemic area, where potential  Anopheles  vectors are still abundant. Considering the importation of  Plasmodium  due to the high number of imported malaria cases in France, the aim of this article was to make some predictions regarding the risk of malaria re-emergence in the Camargue.    Methods  Receptivity (vectorial capacity) and infectivity (vector susceptibility) were inferred using an innovative probabilistic approach and considering both  Plasmodium falciparum  and  Plasmodium vivax . Each parameter of receptivity (human biting rate, anthropophily, length of trophogonic cycle, survival rate, length of sporogonic cycle) and infectivity were estimated based on field survey, bibliographic data and expert knowledge and fitted with probability distributions taking into account the variability and the uncertainty of the estimation. Spatial and temporal variations of the parameters were determined using environmental factors derived from satellite imagery, meteorological data and entomological field data. The entomological risk (receptivity/infectivity) was calculated using 10,000 different randomly selected sets of values extracted from the probability distributions. The result was mapped in the Camargue area. Finally, vulnerability (number of malaria imported cases) was inferred using data collected in regional hospitals.    Results  The entomological risk presented large spatial, temporal and  Plasmodium  species-dependent variations. The sensitivity analysis showed that susceptibility, survival rate and human biting rate were the three most influential parameters for entomological risk. Assessment of vulnerability showed that among the imported cases in the region, only very few were imported in at-risk areas.    Conclusion  The current risk of malaria re-emergence seems negligible due to the very low number of imported  Plasmodium . This model demonstrated its efficiency for mosquito-borne diseases risk assessment.

A quantitative risk assessment approach for mosquito-borne diseases: malaria re-emergence in southern France