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Background  An effective malaria vaccine remains elusive. The most effective experimental vaccines confer only limited and short-lived protection despite production of protective antibodies. However, immunization with irradiated sporozoites, or with live sporozoites under chloroquine cover, has resulted in long-term protection apparently due to the generation of protective CD8+ T cells. The nature and function of these protective CD8+ T cells has not been elucidated. In the current study, the phenotype of CD8+ T cells generated after immunization of C57BL/6 mice with live  Plasmodium berghei  sporozoites under chloroquine cover was investigated.    Methods  Female C57BL/6 mice, C57BL/6 mice B2 macroglobulin −/− [KO], or invariant chain−/− [Ic KO] [6–8 weeks old] were immunized with  P. berghei  sporozoites and treated daily with 800 μg/mouse of chloroquine for nine days. This procedure of immunization is referred to as “infection/cure”. Mice were challenged by inoculating intravenously 1,000 infectious sporozoites. Appearance of parasitaemia was monitored by Giemsa-stained blood smears.    Results  By use of MHC I and MHC II deficient animals, results indicate that CD8+ T cells are necessary for full protection and that production of protective antibodies is either CD4+ T helper cells dependent and/or lymphokines produced by CD4 cells contribute to the protection directly or by helping CD8+ T cells. Further, the phenotype of infection/cure  P. berghei  responsive CD8+ T cells was determined to be KLRG1 high  CD27 low  CD44 high  and CD62L low .    Conclusion  The KLRG1 high  CD27 low  CD44 high  and CD62L low  phenotype of CD8+ T cells is associated with protection and should be investigated further as a candidate correlate of protection.

Phenotypic characterization of Plasmodium berghei responsive CD8+ T cells after immunization with live sporozoites under chloroquine cover