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Background   Anopheles darlingi  is the major malaria vector in countries located in the Amazon region.  Anopheles aquasalis  and  Anopheles albitarsis s.l.  are also proven vectors in this region.  Anopheles nuneztovari s.l.  and  Anopheles triannulatus s.l.  were found infected with  Plasmodium vivax;  however, their status as vectors is not yet well defined. Knowledge of susceptibility of Amazon anopheline populations to  Plasmodium  infection is necessary to better understand their vector capacity. Laboratory colonization of  An. darlingi , the main Amazon vector, has proven to be difficult and presently  An. aquasalis  is the only available autonomous colony.    Methods  Larvae of  An. darlingi, An. albitarsis s.l., An. nuneztovari s.l.  and  An. triannulatus s.l.  were collected in the field and reared until adult stage. Adults of  An. aquasalis  were obtained from a well-established colony. Mosquitoes were blood-fed using a membrane-feeding device containing infected blood from malarial patients.  The infection of the distinct  Anopheles  species was evaluated by the impact variance of the following parameters: (a) parasitaemia density; (b) blood serum inactivation of the infective bloodmeal; (c) influence of gametocyte number on infection rates and number of oocysts. The goal of this work was to compare the susceptibility to  P. vivax  of four field-collected  Anopheles  species with colonized  An. aquasalis.Results  All  Anopheles  species tested were susceptible to  P. vivax  infection, nevertheless the proportion of infected mosquitoes and the infection intensity measured by oocyst number varied significantly among species. Inactivation of the blood serum prior to mosquito feeding increased infection rates in  An. darlingi  and  An. triannulatus s.l.,  but was diminished in  An. albitarsis s.l.  and  An. aquasalis . There was a positive correlation between gametocyte density and the infection rate in all tests (Z = −8.37; p < 0.001) but varied among the mosquito species.  Anopheles albitarsis s.l., An. aquasalis  and  An. nuneztovari s.l.  had higher infection rates than  An. darlingi .    Conclusion  All field-collected  Anopheles  species, as well as colonized  An. aquasalis  are susceptible to experimental  P. vivax  infections by membrane feeding assays.  Anopheles darlingi, An. albitarsis s.l.  and  An. aquasalis  are very susceptible to  P. vivax  infection. However, colonized  An. aquasalis  mosquitoes showed the higher infection intensity represented by infection rate and oocyst numbers. This study is the first to characterize experimental development of  Plasmodium  infections in Amazon  Anopheles  vectors and also to endorse that  P. vivax  infection of colonized  An. aquasalis  is a feasible laboratory model.

Experimental Plasmodium vivax infection of key Anopheles species from the Brazilian Amazon