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Background  The malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are now widely used in the world. Compared to  Plasmodium falciparum , a poor sensitivity of RDTs was reported against  Plasmodium vivax  based on the adopted antibody against pan- Plasmodium  antigen lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) or aldolase. Levels of pLDH were measured from patient with  P. vivax , and the correlations between the levels of pLDH and the sensitivities of RDTs were analysed among Republic of Korea (ROK) isolates.    Methods  Three RDTs, OptiMAL test, SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f/Pan test, Humasis Malaria Pf/Pan antigen test, and the Genedia pLDH antigen ELISA were performed with blood samples from 152 febrile patients and 100 healthy controls.    Results  Three malaria RDTs revealed sensitivities between 85.5 (131/152) and 86.8% (132/152) with highest sensitivity for the detection of  P.vivax  by pLDH antigen ELISA test (145/152, 95.4%) in comparison to traditional microscopy using Giemsa–stained slides. None of the healthy control tested positive by three RDTs or ELISA, indicating 100% specificity in their respective test. Levels of pLDH among Korean  P. vivax  isolates ranged between 0 ng/mL and 22,387.2 ng/mL (mean ± standard deviation 3,917.5 ± 6,120.9 ng/mL). The lower detection limits of three RDTs were between 25 and 50 ng/mL with artificially diluted samples. The moderate degree of correlation was observed between parasitaemia and concentrations of pLDH (r = 0.4, p < 0.05).    Conclusion  The pLDH levels of  P. vivax  are the main explanation for the variations in the performance of pLDH-based RDTs. Therefore, comparing sensitivities of RDT may need to include targeted biomarker value of patients.

pLDH level of clinically isolated Plasmodium vivax and detection limit of pLDH based malaria rapid diagnostic test