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Background  The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-chloride channel complex is known to be the target site of dieldrin, a cyclodiene insecticide. GABA-receptors, with a naturally occurring amino acid substitution, A302S/G in the putative ion-channel lining region, confer resistance to cyclodiene insecticides that includes aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor, endrin and endosulphan.    Methods  A total of 154 mosquito samples from 10 provinces of malaria-endemic areas across Indonesia (Aceh, North Sumatra, Bangka Belitung, Lampung, Central Java, East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, West Sulawesi, Molucca and North Molucca) were obtained and identified by species, using morphological characteristic. The DNA was individually extracted using chelex-ion exchanger and the DNA obtained was used for analyses using sequencing method.    Results  Molecular analysis indicated 11% of the total 154  Anopheles  samples examined, carried  Rdl  mutant alleles. All of the alleles were found in homozygous form.  Rdl  302S allele was observed in  Anopheles vagus  (from Central Java, Lampung, and West Nusa Tenggara),  Anopheles aconitus  (from Central Java),  Anopheles barbirostris  (from Central Java and Lampung),  Anopheles sundaicus  (from North Sumatra and Lampung),  Anopheles nigerrimus  (from North Sumatra), whereas the 302 G allele was only found in  Anopheles farauti  from Molucca.    Conclusion  The existence of the  Rdl  mutant allele indicates that, either insecticide pressure on the  Anopheles  population in these areas might still be ongoing (though not directly associated with the malaria control programme) or that the mutant form of the  Rdl  allele is relatively stable in the absence of insecticide. Nonetheless, the finding suggests that integrated pest management is warranted in malaria-endemic areas where insecticides are widely used for other purposes.

Existence of the rdl mutant alleles among the anopheles malaria vector in Indonesia