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Background  Malaria transmission occurs during the blood feeding of infected anopheline mosquitoes concomitant with a saliva injection into the vertebrate host. In sub-Saharan Africa, most malaria transmission is due to  Anopheles funestus s.s  and to  Anopheles gambiae s.l.  (mainly  Anopheles gambiae s.s.  and  Anopheles arabiensis ). Several studies have demonstrated that the immune response against salivary antigens could be used to evaluate individual exposure to mosquito bites. The aim of this study was to assess the use of secreted salivary proteins as specific biomarkers of exposure to  An .  gambiae  and/or  An .  funestus  bites.    Methods  For this purpose, salivary gland proteins 6 (SG6) and 5′nucleotidases (5′nuc) from  An. gambiae  (gSG6 and g-5′nuc) and  An. funestus  (fSG6 and f-5′nuc) were selected and produced in recombinant form. The specificity of the IgG response against these salivary proteins was tested using an ELISA with sera from individuals living in three Senegalese villages (NDiop, n = 50; Dielmo, n = 38; and Diama, n = 46) that had been exposed to distinct densities and proportions of the  Anopheles  species. Individuals who had not been exposed to these tropical mosquitoes were used as controls (Marseille, n = 45).    Results  The IgG responses against SG6 recombinant proteins from these two  Anopheles  species and against g-5′nucleotidase from  An .  gambiae , were significantly higher in Senegalese individuals compared with controls who were not exposed to specific  Anopheles  species. Conversely, an association was observed between the level of  An. funestus  exposure and the serological immune response levels against the f-5′nucleotidase protein .Conclusion  This study revealed an  Anopheles  salivary antigenic protein that could be considered to be a promising antigenic marker to distinguish malaria vector exposure at the species level. The epidemiological interest of such species-specific antigenic markers is discussed.

Assessment of Anopheles salivary antigens as individual exposure biomarkers to species-specific malaria vector bites