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Background  The aim of this study was to investigate the profile of antibodies against several antigens of  Plasmodium vivax  and  Plasmodium falciparum  in Mandalay, Myanmar.    Methods  Malaria parasites were identified by microscopic examination. To test the antibodies against  P. vivax  and  P. falciparum  in sera, an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) was performed using asexual blood parasite antigens. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed with circumsporozoite protein (CSP), Pvs25 and Pvs28 recombinant proteins of transmission-blocking vaccine candidates for  P. vivax , and liver stage specific antigen-1 and -3 (PfLSA-1, PfLSA-3) for  P. falciparum .    Results  Fourteen patients among 112 were found to be infected with  P. vivax  and 26 with  P. falciparum  by thick smear examination. Twenty-three patients were found to be infected with  P. vivax , 19 with  P. falciparum  and five with both by thin smear examination. Blood samples were divided into two groups: Group I consisted of patients who were positive for infection by microscopic examination, and Group II consisted of those who showed symptoms, but were negative in microscopic examination. In  P. falciparum , IgG against the blood stage antigen in Group I (80.8%) was higher than in Group II (70.0%). In  P. vivax , IgG against the blood stage antigen in Group I (53.8%) was higher than in Group II (41.7%). However, the positivity rate of the PvCSP VK210 subtype in Group II (40.0%) was higher than in Group I (23.1%). Similarly for the PvCSP VK247 subtype, Group II (21.7%) was higher than that for Group I (9.6%). A similar pattern was observed in the ELISA using Pvs25 and Pvs28: positive rates of Group II were higher than those for Group I. However, those differences were not shown significant in statistics.    Conclusions  The positive rates for blood stage antigens of  P. falciparum  were higher in Group I than in Group II, but the positive rates for antigens of other stages (PfLSA-1 and -3) showed opposite results. Similar to  P. falciparum , the positive rate of pre-blood stage (CSP VK210 and 247 subtype) and post-blood stage (Pvs25 and 28) antigens of  P. vivax  were higher in Group II than in Group I. Therefore, sero-diagnosis is not helpful to discriminate between malaria patients and symptomatic individuals during the epidemic season in Myanmar.

Comparison of the antibody responses to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum antigens in residents of Mandalay, Myanmar