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Background  p27(Kip1) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that inhibits G1-to-S phase transition of the cell cycle. It is known that a relatively large number of nutritional and chemopreventive anti-cancer agents specifically up-regulate expression of p27 without directly affecting the expression of other G1-to-S phase cell cycle regulatory proteins including p21(Cip1Waf1). However, the upstream molecular signaling pathways of how these agents up-regulate the expression of p27 have not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to identify such pathways in human breast cancer cells  in vitro  using 4-hydroxytamoxifen, dexamethasone, and various retinoic acids as examples of such anti-cancer agents.    Results  Experimental evidence presented in the first half of this report was obtained by transfecting human breast cancer cells  in vitro  with proximal upstream region of  p27  gene-luciferase reporter plasmids. 1) The evidence indicated that 4-hydroxytamoxifen, dexamethasone, and various retinoic acids up-regulated expression of p27 in both estrogen receptor-positive and negative human breast cancer cells  in vitro . 2) The degree of up-regulation of p27 expression by these anti-cancer agents in human breast cancer cells  in vitro  linearly correlated with the degree of inhibition of methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat mammary adenocarcinoma  in vivo . 3) Lastly, up-regulation of the expression of p27 was likely due to the activation of translation initiation rather than transcription of  p27  gene. The experimental evidence presented in the second half of this report was obtained by a combination of Western immunoblot analysis and transfection analysis. It indicated that 4-hydroxytamoxifen and dexamethasone up-regulated expression of p27 by down-regulating phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) at Ser65 and this phosphorylation was likely to be mediated by upstream receptor tyrosine kinases/phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt/5'-AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (RTKs/PI3K/Akt/AMPK/mTOR) protein kinase signaling pathways. Retinoic acids up-regulated expression of p27 without using either 4E-BP1 or RTKs/PI3K/Akt/AMPK/mTOR protein kinase signaling pathways.    Conclusions  4-Hydroxytamoxifen and dexamethasone up-regulated translation initiation of p27 by down-regulating 4E-BP1 phosphorylated at Ser65 and this down-regulation seemed to be mediated by upstream RTKs/PI3K/Akt/AMPK/mTOR protein kinase signaling pathways. Retinoic acids also up-regulated translation initiation of p27, but without using any of these pathways.

Upstream molecular signaling pathways of p27(Kip1) expression: effects of 4-hydroxytamoxifen, dexamethasone, and retinoic acids