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Background  Chitosanases (EC 3.2.1.132) hydrolyze the polysaccharide chitosan, which is composed of partially acetylated β-(1,4)-linked glucosamine residues. In nature, chitosanases are produced by a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as by fungi, probably with the primary role of degrading chitosan from fungal and yeast cell walls for carbon metabolism. Chitosanases may also be utilized in eukaryotic cell manipulation for intracellular delivery of molecules formulated with chitosan as well as for transformation of filamentous fungi by temporal modification of the cell wall structures.  However, the chitosanases used so far in transformation and transfection experiments show optimal activity at high temperature, which is incompatible with most transfection and transformation protocols. Thus, there is a need for chitosanases, which display activity at lower temperatures.    Results  This paper describes the isolation of a chitosanase-producing, cold-active bacterium affiliated to the genus  Janthinobacterium . The 876 bp chitosanase gene from the  Janthinobacterium  strain was isolated and characterized. The chitosanase was related to the Glycosyl Hydrolase family 46 chitosanases with  Streptomyces  chitosanase as the closest related (64% amino acid sequence identity). The chitosanase was expressed recombinantly as a periplasmic enzyme in  Escherichia coli  in amounts about 500 fold greater than in the native  Janthinobacterium  strain. Determination of temperature and pH optimum showed that the native and the recombinant chitosanase have maximal activity at pH 5-7 and at 45°C, but with 30-70% of the maximum activity at 10°C and 30°C, respectively.    Conclusions  A novel chitosanase enzyme and its corresponding gene was isolated from  Janthinobacterium  and produced recombinantly in  E. coli  as a periplasmic enzyme. The  Janthinobacterium  chitosanase displayed reasonable activity at 10°C to 30°C, temperatures that are preferred in transfection and transformation experiments.

Isolation, characterization and heterologous expression of a novel chitosanase from Janthinobacterium sp. strain 4239