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Background  Hydroxycinnamates (HCs) are mainly produced in plants. Caffeic acid (CA),  p -coumaric acid (PA), ferulic acid (FA) and sinapic acid (SA) are members of the HC family. The consumption of HC by human might prevent cardiovascular disease and some types of cancer. The solubility of HCs is increased through thioester conjugation to various compounds such as quinic acid, shikimic acid, malic acid, anthranilic acid, and glycerol. Although hydroxycinnamate conjugates can be obtained from diverse plant sources such as coffee, tomato, potato, apple, and sweet potato, some parts of the world have limited availability to these compounds. Thus, there is growing interest in producing HC conjugates as nutraceutical supplements.    Results  Hydroxycinnamoyl transferases (HCTs) including hydroxycinnamate-CoA shikimate transferase (HST) and hydroxycinnamate-CoA quinate transferase (HQT) were co-expressed with 4-coumarateCoA:ligase (4CL) in  Escherichia coli  cultured in media supplemented with HCs. Two hydroxycinnamoyl conjugates,  p -coumaroyl shikimates and chlorogenic acid, were thereby synthesized. Total 29.1 mg/L of four different  p -coumaroyl shikimates (3- p -coumaroyl shikimate, 4- p -coumaroyl shikimate, 3,4-di- p -coumaroyl shikimate, 3,5-di- p -coumaroyl shikimate, and 4,5-di- p -coumaroyl shikimate) was obtained and 16 mg/L of chlorogenic acid was synthesized in the wild type  E. coli  strain. To increase the concentration of endogenous acceptor substrates such as shikimate and quinate, the shikimate pathway in  E. coli  was engineered. A  E. coli aroL  and  aroK  gene were mutated and the resulting mutants were used for the production of  p -coumaroyl shikimate. An  E. coli aroD  mutant was used for the production of chlorogenic acid. We also optimized the vector and cell concentration optimization.    Conclusions  To produce  p -coumaroyl-shikimates and chlorogenic acid in  E. coli , several  E. coli  mutants (an aroD mutant for chlorogenic acid production; an aroL, aroK, and aroKL mutant for  p -coumaroyl-shikimates production) were made and each mutant was tested using an optimized construct. Using this strategy, we produced 235 mg/L of  p -coumaroyl-shikimates and 450 mg/L of chlorogenic acid.

Production of hydroxycinnamoyl-shikimates and chlorogenic acid in Escherichia coli: production of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates