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Background  Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) detoxifies reactive aldehydes in the micro- and macrovasculature. These substrates, including methylglyoxal and 4-hydroxynonenal formed from glucose and lipids, cause protein carbonylation and mitochondrial dysfunction, forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The present study aimed to confirm the association between the inactive  ALDH2*2  allele and diabetic retinopathy (DR).    Methods  A retrospective longitudinal analysis was conducted, among 234 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (156 males and 78 females) who had no DR signs at baseline and were treated for more than half a year. The  ALDH2*1/ * 2  alleles were determined using a real-time TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidential intervals (CIs) for the cumulative incidence of the development of DR were examined using a Cox proportional hazard model, taking drinking habits and the serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level into consideration.    Results  The frequency of the  ALDH2*2  allele was 22.3%. Fifty-two subjects cumulatively developed DR during the follow-up period of 5.5 ± 2.5 years. The  ALDH2*2  allele carriers had a significantly higher incidence of DR than the non-carriers (HR: 1.92;  P  = 0.02). The incidence of DR was significantly higher in the drinkers with the  ALDH2*2  allele than in those with the  ALDH2*1/*1  genotype (HR: 2.61;  P  = 0.03), while the incidence of DR in the non-drinkers did not differ significantly between the  ALDH2  genotype groups ( P  > 0.05). The incidence of DR was significantly higher in the  ALDH2*2  allele carriers with a high GGT level than in the non-carriers with a high or low GGT level (HR: 2.45;  P  = 0.03; and HR: 2.63;  P  = 0.03, respectively).    Conclusions  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a significant association between the  ALDH2*2  allele and the incidence of DR. These findings provide additional evidence that ALDH2 protects both microvasculature and macrovasculature against reactive aldehydes generated under conditions of sustained oxidative stress, although further investigations in larger cohorts are needed to verify the results.

cardiovascular diabetology

Association between aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 polymorphisms and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy among Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus