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Background  Medicinal plants represent an important opportunity to rural communities in Africa, as a source of affordable medicine and as a source of income. Increased patient awareness about safe usage is important as well as more training with regards to traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ethnomedicinal prowess of some indigenous South African plants commonly used in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa for the treatment of skin and respiratory tract infections, HIV and their toxicity potential.    Methods   Cassine transvaalensis ,  Vangueria infausta ,  Croton gratissimus  and  Vitex ferruginea  were tested for antibacterial activities against  Staphylococcus aureus  and  Staphylococcus epidermidis  using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). Cytotoxic and anti-HIV-1 activities of plants were tested using MTT Assay (3- (Dimethylthiozole-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)) and anti- HIV-1iib assay. In search of bioactive lead compounds,  Cassine transvaalensis  which was found to be the most active plant extract against the two  Staphylocoous  bacteria was subjected to various chromatographic. Thin layer chromatography, Column chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), ( 1 H- 1 H,  13 C- 13 C, in DMSO_d6, Bruker 600 MHz) were used to isolate and characterize 3-Oxo-28-hydroxylbetuli-20(29)-ene and 3,28-dihydroxylbetuli-20(29)-ene bioactive compounds from  C. transvaalensis.Results  The four plants studied exhibited bioactive properties against the test isolates. The zones of inhibition ranged between 16 mm to 31 mm for multi-drug resistant staphylococci species. MIC values varied between 0.6 and 0.02 μg/ml.  C. gratissimus  and  C. transvaalensis  exhibited the abilities to inhibit HIV-1 iib . Two bioactive compounds were isolated from  C. transvaalensis.Conclusion  Data from this study reveals the use of these plant by traditional healers in the Eastern Cape. Furthermore,  C. transvaalensis  and  C. gratissimus  were found to be more active as against HIV-1iib. While  C. transvaalensis  was most active against the two  Staphylococcus  bacteria.

bmc complementary and alternative medicine

Anti-staphylococcal, anti-HIV and cytotoxicity studies of four South African medicinal plants and isolation of bioactive compounds from Cassine transvaalensis (Burtt. Davy) codd