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Background  Recent studies have demonstrated that side population (SP) cells isolated from various cancer cell lines and primary tumors possess stem cell-like properties. Sesamin, a food-derived agent, possesses anti-cancer activities both  in vitro  and  in vivo . The present study was designed to determine whether sesamin also have effects on cancer stem-like SP cells from gallbladder cancer (GBC).    Methods  In this study, we sorted SP cells by flow cytometry. SP cells were cultured and treated with sesamin. Tumor-sphere formation, colony formation, Matrigel invasion and tumorigenic potential were determined. Expression of nuclear NF-κB, IL-6, p-Stat3, Twist, E-cadherin and Vimentin was measured by Western blot, immunofluorescence staining or RT-PCR analysis. Nuclear NF-κB activity and IL-6 protein level were assessed with ELISA. Xenograft tumors were generated in nude mice.    Results  After treated with sesamin, SP cells differentiated into cells expressing the epithelial marker (E-cadherin). Sesamin effectively affected SP cells stem cell-like characteristics (i.e., tumor-sphere formation, colony-formation, Matrigel invasion), weakened the drug-resistance of SP cells and inhibited tumor growth both  in vitro  and  in vivo . Treatment with sesamin significantly reduced the expression of nuclear NF-κB, IL-6, p-Stat3, Twist and Vimentin (a mesenchymal marker) in SP cells. Nuclear NF-κB activity and IL-6 level were also decreased after treatment with sesamin.    Conclusion  Food-derived sesamin directs the epithelial differentiation of cancer stem-like SP cells from GBC, which is associated with attenuation of NF-κB-IL-6-Stat3-Twist signal pathway.

Differentiation therapy: sesamin as an effective agent in targeting cancer stem-like side population cells of human gallbladder carcinoma