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Background  Phytochemical products have a critical role in the drug discovery process. This promising possibility, however, necessitates the need to confirm their scientific verification before use. Hence, this study aims to evaluate (1) the antioxidant activity, (2) cytotoxicity potential, and (3) the effect on ultrastructural alteration in gastric cancer cell lines through exposure to fractions of three local Northeastern Thai edible plants.    Methods  Plants,  Syzygium gratum, Justicia gangetica  and  Limnocharis flava  were extracted with ethyl acetate, and each crude extract analysed for their total phenolics content by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Their antioxidant activity was assessed using the ABTS system. The extracts were then assayed for cytotoxicity on two gastric cancer cell lines Kato-III and NUGC-4, and compared with Hs27 fibroblasts as a control using the MTT assay. The cell viability (%), IC 50  values, as well as the ultrastructural alterations were evaluated after treatment with one way analysis of variance (ANOVA).    Results  The total phenolic values of the ethyl acetate extracts were well correlated with the antioxidant capacity, with extracted product of  S. gratum  displaying the highest level of antioxidant activity (a 10-fold greater response) over  J. gangetica  and  L. flava  respectively. Exposure of  S. gratum  and  J. gangetica  extracts to normal cell lines (Hs27) resulted in marginal cytotoxicity effects. However, through a dose-dependent assay  S. gratum  and  J. gangetica  extracts produced cytotoxicological effects in just over 75 percent of Kato-III and NUGC-4 cell lines. In addition, apoptotic characteristic was shown under TEM in both cancer cell lines with these two extracts, whereas characteristics of autophagy was found in cell lines after post exposure to extracts from  L. flava .    Conclusions  From these three plants,  S. gratum  had the highest contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. All of them found to contain compound(s) with cytotoxicity  in vitro  on cancer cells but not on normal cell lines as resolved in tissue culture and ultrastructural analysis. This is the first report to show the effect on cellular alteration as apoptosis of an ethyl acetate extract of  S. gratum  and  J. gangetica.  Further studies are now focused on individual isolates and their function, prioritizing on  S. gratum  and  J. gangetica  for the development of novel therapeutics and combatants against cancer.

Antioxidant activity and ultrastructural changes in gastric cancer cell lines induced by Northeastern Thai edible folk plant extracts