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Background  The flora of Saudi Arabia is one of the richest biodiversity areas in the Arabian Peninsula and comprises very important genetic resources of crop and medicinal plants. The present study was designed to investigate the cytotoxicity and the antibacterial activities of the organic extracts from twenty six Saudi Arabian medicinal plants. The study was also extended to the investigation of the effects of the extracts from the four best plants,  Ononis serrata  (SY160),  Haplophyllum tuberculatum  (SY177),  Pulicaria crispa  (SY179), and  Achillea beiberstenii  (SY-200) on cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, caspases activities and mitochondrial function in leukemia CCRF-CEM cell line.    Methods  A resazurin assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the extracts on a panel of human cancer cell lines whilst the microbroth dilution was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the samples against twelve bacterial strains belonging to four species,  Escherichia coli ,  Enterobacter aerogenes ,  Klebsiella pneumoniae  and  Pseudomonas aeruginosa .    Results  The best activity on leukemia cell lines were recorded with SY177 (IC 50  of 9.94 μg/mL) and SY179 (IC 50  of 1.81 μg/mL) against CCRF-CEM as well as Ach-b (IC 50  of 9.30 μg/mL) and SY160 (IC 50  of 5.06 μg/mL) against HL60 cells. The extracts from SY177 and SY179 were also toxic against the seven solid cancer cell lines studied with the highest IC 50  values of 31.64 μg/mL (SY177 against Hep-G2 cells). SY177 and Ach-b induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and S phases whilst SY160 and SY179 induced arrest in G0/G1 phase. All the four plant extracts induced apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cells with the alteration of the mitochondrial membrane potential. In the antibacterial assays, only Ach-b displayed moderate antibacterial activities against  E. coli  and  E. aerogenes  ATCC strains (MIC of 256 μg/mL), AG100A TeT  and  K. pneumoniae  ATCC strains (MIC of 128 μg/mL).    Conclusions  Finally, the results of the present investigation provided supportive data for the possible use of some Saudi Arabian plants investigated herein, and mostly  Haplophyllum tuberculatum, Pulicaria crispa ,  Ononis serrata  and  Achillea beiberstenii  in the control of cancer diseases.

Cytotoxicity, mode of action and antibacterial activities of selected Saudi Arabian medicinal plants