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Background  Honey is a natural substance produced by honeybees and has nutritional and therapeutic uses. In Ethiopia, honeys are used traditionally to treat wounds, respiratory infections and diarrhoea. Recent increase of drug resistant bacteria against the existing antibiotics forced investigators to search for alternative natural remedies and evaluate their potential use on scientific bases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of different types of honeys in Ethiopia which are used traditionally to treat different types of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.    Methods  Mueller Hinton agar (70191) diffusion and nutrient broth culture medium assays were performed to determine susceptibility of  Staphylococcus aureus  (ATCC 25923),  Escherichia coli  (ATCC 25922) and resistant clinical isolates (Methicillin resistant  Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),  Escherichia coli (R) and  Klebsiella pneumoniae  (R), using honeys of  Apis mellifera  and stingless bees in northern and north western Ethiopia.    Results  Honey of the stingless bees produced the highest mean inhibition (22.27 ± 3.79 mm) compared to white honey (21.0 ± 2.7 mm) and yellow honey (18.0 ± 2.3 mm) at 50% (v/v) concentration on all the standard and resistant strains. Stingless bees honey was found to have Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 6.25% (6.25 mg/ml) for 80% of the test organisms compared to 40% for white and yellow  Apis mellifera  honeys. All the honeys were found to have minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 12.5% (12.5 mg/ml) against all the test organisms.  Staphylococcus aureus  (ATCC 25923) was susceptible to amoxicillin, methicillin, kanamycine, tetracycline, and vancomycine standard antibiotic discs used for susceptibility tests. Similarly,  Escherichia coli  (ATCC 25922) was found susceptible for kanamycine, tetracycline and vancomycine.  Escherichia coli  (ATCC 25922) has not been tested for amoxicillin ampicillin and methicillin. The susceptibility tests performed against  Staphylococcus aureus  (MRSA),  Escherichia coli  (R) and  Klebsiella pneumoniae  (R) using three of methicillin, erythromycin, ampicillin, Penicillin and amoxicillin discs were resistant. But, these drug resistant strains were susceptible to antibacterial agents found in the honeys and inhibited from 16 mm to 20.33 mm.    Conclusions  Honeys in Ethiopia can be used as therapeutic agents for drug resistant bacteria after pharmaceutical standardization and clinical trials.

bmc complementary and alternative medicine

Antibacterial effects of Apis mellifera and stingless bees honeys on susceptible and resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia