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Background  Visceral leishmaniasis is the most serious form of leishmaniasis and can be lethal if left untreated. Currently available treatments for these parasitic diseases are frequently associated to severe side effects. The leaves of  Croton cajucara  are used as an infusion in popular medicine to combat several diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that the linalool-rich essential oil from  C. cajucara  (white sacaca) is extremely efficient against the tegumentary specie  Leishmania amazonensis . In this study, we investigated the effects of the 7-hydroxycalamenene-rich essential oil from the leaves of  C. cajucara  (red sacaca) against  Leishmania chagasi,  as well as on the interaction of these parasites with host cells.    Methods  Promastigotes were treated with different concentrations of the essential oil for determination of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In addition, the effects of the essential oil on parasite ultrastructure were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. To evaluate its efficacy against infected cells, mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with  L. chagasi  promastigotes were treated with the inhibitory and sub-inhibitory concentrations of the essential oil.    Results  The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the essential oil and its purified component 7-hydroxycalamenene against  L. chagasi  were 250 and 15.6 μg/mL, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed important nuclear and kinetoplastic alterations in  L. chagasi  promastigotes. Pre-treatment of macrophages and parasites with the essential oil reduced parasite/macrophage interaction by 52.8%, while it increased the production of nitric oxide by  L. chagasi -infected macrophages by 80%.    Conclusion  These results indicate that the 7-hydroxycalamenene-rich essential oil from  C. cajucara  is a promising source of leishmanicidal compounds.

bmc complementary and alternative medicine

In vitro cytocidal effects of the essential oil from Croton cajucara (red sacaca) and its major constituent 7- hydroxycalamenene against Leishmania chagasi