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Background   Alpinia oxyphylla  is a common remedy in traditional Chinese medicine. Yakuchinone A is a major constituent of  A .  oxyphylla  and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and gastric protective activities.    Methods  Antioxidant and antitumor characteristics of yakuchinone A in skin cancer cells as well as novel mechanisms for the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, cestocidal activities against  Hymenolepis nana  adults, and nematocidal activities against  Anisakis simplex  larvae are investigated.    Results  Yakuchinone A presents the ability of the removal of DPPH·and ABTS +  free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Yakuchinone A suppresses intracellular lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation in 3 T3-L1 cells and the expressions of  leptin  and  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor  γ ( PPAR γ). Yakuchinone A induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation in skin cancer cells. The inhibition of cell growth by yakuchinone A is more significant for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) cells than for melanoma (A375 and B16) and noncancerous (HaCaT and BNLCL2) cells. Treatment BCC cells with yakuchinone A shows down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax, and an increase in cleavage poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). This suggests that yakuchinone A induces BCC cells apoptosis through the Bcl-2-mediated signaling pathway. The anthelmintic activities of yakuchinone A for  A. simplex  are better than for  H. nana .    Conclusions  In this work, yakuchinone A exhibits antioxidative properties, anti-adipocyte differentiation, antitumor activity, and anthelmintic activities against  A. simplex  and  H. nana .

bmc complementary and alternative medicine

Antioxidant, anti-adipocyte differentiation, antitumor activity and anthelminticactivities against Anisakis simplex and Hymenolepis nana ofyakuchinone A from Alpinia oxyphylla