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Background  Mushroom polysaccharides have traditionally been used for the prevention and treatment of a multitude of disorders like infectious illnesses, cancers and various autoimmune diseases. Crude mushroom extracts have been tested without detailed chemical analyses of its polysaccharide content. For the present study we decided to chemically determine the carbohydrate composition of semi-purified extracts from 2 closely related and well known basidiomycete species, i.e.  Agaricus bisporus  and  A. brasiliensis  and to study their effects on the innate immune system, in particular on the  in vitro  induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, using THP-1 cells.    Methods  Mushroom polysaccharide extracts were prepared by hot water extraction and precipitation with ethanol. Their composition was analyzed by GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. PMA activated THP-1 cells were treated with the extracts under different conditions and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated by qPCR.    Results  Semi-purified polysaccharide extracts of  A. bisporus  and  A. brasiliensis  (=  blazei ) were found to contain (1→6),(1→4)-linked α-glucan, (1→6)-linked β-glucan, and mannogalactan. Their proportions were determined by integration of  1 H-NMR signs, and were considerably different for the two species.  A. brasiliensis  showed a higher content of β-glucan, while  A. bisporus  presented mannogalactan as its main polysaccharide. The extracts induced a comparable increase of transcription of the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes IL-1β and TNF-α as well as of COX-2 in PMA differentiated THP-1 cells. Pro-inflammatory effects of bacterial LPS in this assay could be reduced significantly by the simultaneous addition of  A. brasiliensis  extract.    Conclusions  The polysaccharide preparations from the closely related species  A. bisporus  and  A. brasiliensis  show major differences in composition:  A. bisporus  shows high mannogalactan content whereas  A. brasiliensis  has mostly β-glucan. Semi-purified polysaccharide extracts from both  Agaricus  species stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, while the polysaccharide extract of  A. brasiliensis  reduced synthesis of these cytokines induced by LPS, suggesting programmable immunomodulation.

bmc complementary and alternative medicine

Polysaccharides from Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus brasiliensis show similarities in their structures and their immunomodulatory effects on human monocytic THP-1 cells