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Background  The leaves and roots of  Cissampelos mucronata  A. Rich (Menispermaceae) are widely used in the tropics and subtropics to manage various ailments such as gastro-intestinal complaints, menstrual problems, venereal diseases and malaria. In the Coast region, Tanzania, roots are used to treat wounds due to extraction of jigger. Leaves of  Tephrosia villosa  (L) Pers (Leguminosae) are reported to be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in India. In this study, extracts from the roots and aerial parts of  C. mucronata  and extracts from leaves, fruits, twigs and roots of  T. villosa  were evaluated for larvicidal activity, brine shrimps toxicity and antimicrobial activity.    Methods  Powdered materials from  C. mucronata  were extracted sequentially by dichloromethane followed by ethanol while materials from  T.villosa  were extracted by ethanol only. The extracts obtained were evaluated for larvicidal activity using  Culex quinquefasciatus  Say larvae, cytotoxicity using brine shrimp larvae and antimicrobial activity using bacteria and fungi.    Results  Extracts from aerial parts of  C. Mucronata  exhibited antibacterial activity against  Staphylococcus aureus ,  Escherichia coli ,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,  Salmonella typhi ,  Vibrio cholera ,  Bacillus anthracis ,  Streptococcus faecalis  and antifungal activity against  Candida albicans  and  Cryptococcus neoformans . They exhibited very low toxicity to brine shrimps and had no larvicidal activity. The root extracts exhibited good larvicidal activity but weak antimicrobial activity. The root dichloromethane extracts from  C. mucronata  was found to be more toxic with an LC 50  value of 59.608 μg/mL while ethanolic extracts from root were not toxic with LC 50 >100 μg/mL). Ethanol extracts from fruits and roots of  T. villosa  were found to be very toxic with LC 50  values of 9.690 μg/mL and 4.511 μg/mL, respectively, while, ethanol extracts from leaves and twigs of  T. villosa  were found to be non toxic (LC 50 >100 μg/mL).    Conclusion  These results support the use of  C. mucronata  in traditional medicine for treatment of wounds. Extracts of  C. mucronata  have potential to yield active antimicrobial and larvicidal compounds. The high brine shrimp toxicity of  T. villosa  corroborates with literature reports that the plant is toxic to both livestock and fish. The results further suggest that  T. villosa  extracts have potential to yield larvicidal and possibly cytotoxic compounds. Further studies to investigate the bioactive compounds responsible for the observed biological effects are suggested.

Larvicidal, antimicrobial and brine shrimp activities of extracts from Cissampelos mucronata and Tephrosia villosa from coast region, Tanzania