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Background  The current practice of ingesting phytochemicals for supporting the immune system or fighting infections is based on centuries-old tradition. Macrophages are involved at all the stages of an immune response. The present study focuses on the immunostimulant properties of  Tinospora cordifolia  extract that are exerted on circulating macrophages isolated from CCl 4  (0.5 ml/kg body weight) intoxicated male albino mice.    Methods  Apart from damaging the liver system, carbon tetrachloride also inhibits macrophage functions thus, creating an immunocompromised state, as is evident from the present study. Such cell functions include cell morphology, adhesion property, phagocytosis, enzyme release (myeloperoxidase or MPO), nitric oxide (NO) release, intracellular survival of ingested bacteria and DNA fragmentation in peritoneal macrophages isolated from these immunocompromised mice.  T. cordifolia  extract was tested for acute toxicity at the given dose (150 mg/kg body weight) by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay.    Results  The number of morphologically altered macrophages was increased in mice exposed to CCl 4 . Administration of CCl 4  (i.p.) also reduced the phagocytosis, cell adhesion, MPO release, NO release properties of circulating macrophages of mice. The DNA fragmentation of peritoneal macrophages was observed to be higher in CCl 4  intoxicated mice. The bacterial killing capacity of peritoneal macrophages was also adversely affected by CCl 4.  However oral administration of aqueous fraction of  Tinospora cordifolia  stem parts at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight ( in vivo ) in CCl 4  exposed mice ameliorated the effect of CCl 4 , as the percentage of morphologically altered macrophages, phagocytosis activity, cell adhesion, MPO release, NO release, DNA fragmentation and intracellular killing capacity of CCl 4  intoxicated peritoneal macrophages came closer to those of the control group. No acute toxicity was identified in oral administration of the aqueous extract of  Tinospora cordifolia  at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight.    Conclusion  From our findings it can be suggested that, polar fractions of  Tinospora cordifolia  stem parts contain major bioactive compounds, which directly act on peritoneal macrophages and have been found to boost the non-specific host defenses of the immune system. However, the molecular mechanism of this activity of  Tinospora cordifolia  on immune functions needs to be elucidated.

Effect of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia on functions of peritoneal macrophages isolated from CCl4 intoxicated male albino mice