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Background  Knowledge of the factors that drive species distributions provides a fundamental baseline for several areas of research including biogeography, phylogeography and biodiversity conservation. Data from 148 minimally disturbed sites across a large drainage system in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa were used to test the hypothesis that stream fishes have similar responses to environmental determinants of species distribution. Two complementary statistical approaches, boosted regression trees and hierarchical partitioning, were used to model the responses of four fish species to 11 environmental predictors, and to quantify the independent explanatory power of each predictor.    Results  Elevation, slope, stream size, depth and water temperature were identified by both approaches as the most important causal factors for the spatial distribution of the fishes. However, the species showed marked differences in their responses to these environmental variables. Elevation and slope were of primary importance for the laterally compressed  Sandelia  spp. which had an upstream boundary below 430 m above sea level. The fusiform shaped  Pseudobarbus  ‘Breede’ was strongly influenced by stream width and water temperature. The small anguilliform shaped  Galaxias  ‘nebula’ was more sensitive to stream size and depth, and also penetrated into reaches at higher elevation than  Sandelia  spp. and  Pseudobarbus  ‘Breede’.    Conclusions  The hypothesis that stream fishes have a common response to environmental descriptors is rejected. The contrasting habitat associations of stream fishes considered in this study could be a reflection of their morphological divergence which may allow them to exploit specific habitats that differ in their environmental stressors. Findings of this study encourage wider application of complementary methods in ecological studies, as they provide more confidence and deeper insights into the variables that should be managed to achieve desired conservation outcomes.

Contrasting habitat associations of imperilled endemic stream fishes from a global biodiversity hot spot