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Background  Genomics tools, particularly DNA microarrays, have found application in a number of areas including gene discovery and disease characterization. Despite the vast utility of these tools, little work has been done to explore the basis of distinct cellular properties, especially those important to biotechnology such as growth. And so, with the intent of engineering cell lines by manipulating the expression of these genes, anchorage-independent and anchorage-dependent HeLa cells, displaying markedly different growth characteristics, were analyzed using DNA microarrays.    Results  Two genes, cyclin-dependent kinase like 3 ( cdkl3 ) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit ( cox15 ), were up-regulated in the faster growing, anchorage-independent (suspension) HeLa cells relative to the slower growing, anchorage-dependent (attached) HeLa cells. Enhanced expression of either gene in the attached HeLa cells resulted in elevated cell proliferation, though insertion of  cdkl3  had a greater impact than that of  cox15 . Moreover, flow cytometric analysis indicated that cells with an insert of  cdkl3  were able to transition from the G0/G1 phases to the S phase faster than control cells. In turn, expression of  cox15  was seen to increase the maximum viable cell numbers achieved relative to the control, and to a greater extent than  cdkl3 . Quantitatively similar results were obtained with two Human Embryonic Kidney-293 (HEK-293) cell lines and a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line. Additionally, HEK-293 cells secreting adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa (acrp30) exhibited a slight increase in specific protein production and higher total protein production in response to the insertion of either  cdkl3  or  cox15 .    Conclusion  These results are consistent with previous studies on the functionalities of  cdkl3  and  cox15 . For instance, the effect of  cdkl3  on cell growth is consistent with its homology to the  cdk3  gene which is involved in G1 to S phase transition. Likewise, the increase in cell viability due to  cox15  expression is consistent with its role in oxidative phosphorylation as an assembly factor for cytochrome c oxidase and its involvement removing apoptosis-inducing oxygen radicals. Collectively, the present study illustrates the potential of using microarray technology to identify genes influential to specific cellular processes with the possibility of engineering cell lines as desired to meet production needs.

Enhancement of cell proliferation in various mammalian cell lines by gene insertion of a cyclin-dependent kinase homolog