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Background   Clostridium difficile  has been shown to be a nosocomial pathogen associated with diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalised patients and the infection is believed to be acquired nosocomially. Recent studies have shown the occurrence of  C. difficile  in food animals which may act as a source of infection to humans.The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of  C. difficile  in retail raw beef, cow, sheep, goat, camel and buffalo meat in Iran.    Method  From April to October 2012, a total of 660 raw meat samples from beef, cow, sheep, goat, camel and buffalo were purchased from 49 butcheries in Isfahan and Khuzestan provinces, Iran, and were evaluated for the presence of  C. difficile  using a method including selective enrichment in  C. difficile  broth, subsequent alcohol shock-treatment and plating onto  C. difficile  selective medium.  C. difficile  isolates were tested for the presence of toxin genes and were typed using PCR ribotyping.    Results  In this study, 13 of 660 meat samples (2%) were contaminated with  C. difficile . The highest prevalence of  C. difficile  was found in buffalo meat (9%), followed by goat meat (3.3%), beef meat (1.7%), cow (0.94%) and sheep meat (0.9%). Seven of the 13 C. difficile  strains (53.9%) were positive for  tcdA, tcdB  and  cdtB  toxin genes and were classified as ribotype 078. Four strains (30.8%) were positive  tcdA , and  tcdB , and one strain (7.7%) was possessed only  tcdB . The remaining isolate was non-toxigenic. Susceptibilities of 13 C. difficile  isolates were determined for 11 antimicrobial drugs using the disk diffusion assay. Resistance to clindamycin, gentamycin, and nalidixic acid was the most common finding.    Conclusions  To our knowledge, the present study is the first report of the isolation of  C. difficile  from raw buffalo meat. This study indicates the potential importance of food, including buffalo meat, as a source of transmission of  C. difficile  to humans.

Prevalence of Clostridium difficilein raw beef, cow, sheep, goat, camel and buffalo meat in Iran