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Background  We previously showed that human papillomavirus (HPV) serostatus was not an independent risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC) in nonsmokers and nondrinkers; however, HPV increased the risk in smokers.    Methods  Here we investigated possible interactions between HPV16 serostatus and three susceptibility loci identified in GWASs at apoptosis associated genes with regard to risk of ESCC in a case–control study of 313 patients with ESCC and 314 healthy controls. The loci (CHK2 rs738722, C12orf51 rs2074356, and PLCE1 rs2274223) were genotyped, and the presence or absence of HPV16 in serum was measured by ELISA. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate possible interactions of HPV16 serostatus and the three loci on the risk of ESCC.    Results  A significant interaction was found between HPV16 serology and rs2074356 ( P  = 0.005, odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11–1.77) or rs2274223 ( P  < 0.001, OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.23–1.91), but not for rs738722. For rs2074356, risk of ESCC was increased substantially in smokers ( P  < 0.001, OR 8.25, 95% CI 3.84–17.71) and drinkers (OR4.04,  P  = 0.001, 95% CI 1.79–9.10) who carried risk alleles (TT or TC genotype) and were HPV16-seropositive. Similar results were observed for rs2274223 in smokers ( P  < 0.001, OR6.06, 95% CI 2.85–12.88) and drinkers ( P  < 0.001, OR 5.43, 95% CI 2.51–11.76), but not for rs738722.    Conclusion  Consistent with the previous study, loci at rs2074356 and rs2274223 could increase the risk of ESCC, furthermore, there were significant interactions between HPV sero-status and the susceptibility loci on the risk of ESCC. This effect could be modified obviously by smoking and drinking.

bmc cancer

HPV seropositivity joints with susceptibility loci identified in GWASs at apoptosis associated genes to increase the risk of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC)