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Background  Numerous factors that contribute to malignant glioma invasion have been identified, but the upstream genes coordinating this process are poorly known.    Methods  To identify genes controlling glioma invasion, we used genome-wide mRNA expression profiles of primary human glioblastomas to develop an expression-based rank ordering of 30 transcription factors that have previously been implicated in the regulation of invasion and metastasis in cancer.    Results  Using this approach, we identified the oncogenic transcriptional repressor,  SNAI2 /Slug, among the upper tenth percentile of invasion-related transcription factors overexpressed in glioblastomas.  SNAI2  mRNA expression correlated with histologic grade and invasive phenotype in primary human glioma specimens, and was induced by EGF receptor activation in human glioblastoma cells. Overexpression of  SNAI2/ Slug increased glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasion  in vitro  and promoted angiogenesis and glioblastoma growth  in vivo . Importantly, knockdown of endogenous  SNAI2 /Slug in glioblastoma cells decreased invasion and increased survival in a mouse intracranial human glioblastoma transplantation model.    Conclusion  This genome-scale approach has thus identified  SNAI2 /Slug as a regulator of growth and invasion in human gliomas.

SNAI2/Slug promotes growth and invasion in human gliomas