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Background  Many epidemiological studies have shown that the genetic factors of the host play a role in the variability of clinical response to infection caused by  M. leprae . With the purpose of identifying genes of susceptibility, the present study investigated the possible role of HLA-DRB1 and DQA1/DQB1 alleles in susceptibility to leprosy, and whether they account for the heterogeneity in immune responses observed following infection in a Southern Brazilian population.    Methods  One hundred and sixty-nine leprosy patients and 217 healthy controls were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and reverse hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes and sequence-specific primers(One Lambda ® , CA, USA).    Results  There was a positive association of HLA-DRB1*16 (*1601 and *1602) with leprosy  per se  (7.3%  vs . 3.2%,  P  = 0.01, OR = 2.52, CI = 1.26–5.01), in accord with previous serological studies, which showed DR2 as a marker of leprosy. Although, HLA-DQA1*05 frequency (29.8%  vs . 20.9%,  P  = 0.0424, OR = 1.61, CI = 1.09–2.39) was higher in patients, and HLA-DQA1*02 (3.0%  vs . 7.5%,  P  = 0.0392, OR = 0.39, CI = 0.16 – 0.95) and HLA-DQA1*04 (4.0%  vs . 9.1%,  P  = 0.0314, OR = 0.42, CI = 0.19 – 0.93) frequencies lower,  P -values were not significant after the Bonferroni's correction. Furthermore, HLA-DRB1*1601 (9.0%  vs . 1.8%;  P  = 0.0016; OR = 5.81; CI = 2.05–16.46) was associated with susceptibility to borderline leprosy compared to control group, and while HLA-DRB1*08 (11.2%  vs . 1.2%;  P  = 0.0037; OR = 12.00; CI = 1.51 – 95.12) was associated with susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy, when compared to tuberculoid leprosy, DRB1*04 was associated to protection.    Conclusion  These data confirm the positive association of HLA-DR2 (DRB1*16) with leprosy  per se , and the protector effect of DRB1*04 against lepromatous leprosy in Brazilian patients.

HLA-DR and HLA-DQ alleles in patients from the south of Brazil: markers for leprosy susceptibility and resistance