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Case report We present the case of a 41 year-old male, diagnosed with syphilitic encephalitis, in whom cerebral magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated preponderant involvement of bilateral temporal lobes, for this point of view raising differential diagnostic concerns with Herpes virus encephalitis. We also identified multiple encephalitis foci: hippocampus, lentiform nucleus, left thalamus, left midbrain, and bilateral occipital. The detection of herpes simplex virus DNA by PCR in CSF obtained at admission was negative. Furthermore, the subacute onset as a maniacal syndrome delayed the diagnostic, the patient being initially treated as psychiatric disorder in a Psychiatric Unit.

Syphilitic encephalitis - a rare disease and a possible differential diagnosis of herpetic encephalitis