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Background  It has been suggested that the proliferative capacity of cells from individuals with HIV or both HIV and helminth infections is attenuated and cytokine production is dysregulated. This study describes peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation capacity and cytokine profile from individuals with HIV or both HIV and helminth infections in South Africa.    Methods  Forty HIV-infected and 22 HIV-uninfected participants were randomly selected and stratified into different helminth infection phenotypes by egg excretion and  Ascaris lumbricoides  specific –immunoglobulin-E (IgE) levels. Five day cell cultures of participants, unstimulated or stimulated with Phytohaemaglutinnin, Streptokinase, HIV-1 p24 and  Ascaris lumbricoides  worm antigens were stained with monoclonal antibody-fluorochrome conjugates (Ki67-FITC and CTLA-APC-4). Percentage expression of Ki67 and CTLA-4 was measured to determine cell proliferation and regulation, respectively. Culture supernatants were analysed for the expression of 13 cytokines using the Bioplex (BioRad) system. Kruskal Wallis was used to test for differences in variables between helminth infected subgroups who were either having eggs in stool and high IgE (egg + IgE hi ); or eggs in stool and low IgE (egg + IgE lo ); or no eggs in stool and high IgE (egg - IgE hi ) and those without helminth infection (egg - IgE lo ).    Results  Individuals excreting eggs in stool with high serum IgE (egg + IgE hi  phenotype) had potent mitogen responses but consistently produced low, but statistically non-significant antigen–specific (HIV - 1 p24 (p = 0.41) and  Ascaris  (p = 0.19) and recall antigen (Streptokinase; p = 0.31) Ki67 responses. The group also had reduced type 1 cytokines. Individuals excreting eggs in stool with low serum IgE( egg + IgE lo  phenotype) had a more favourable antiviral profile, characterized by higher IFNγ, IL-2, lower IL-4 and higher IL-10 production.    Conclusion  The findings suggest that dual HIV/helminth infection with egg excretion and/or high  Ascaris  IgE phenotye may be linked with poor proliferative capacity and deleterious cytokine profile with regards to HIV control.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-499) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc infectious diseases

Proliferative capacity and cytokine production by cells of HIV-infected and uninfected adults with different helminth infection phenotypes in South Africa