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Background  The objective of this study was to investigate the association between KIR genes and the immunopathogenesis of leprosy.    Methods  The types of KIR and HLA genes were evaluated by PCR-SSOP-Luminex in 408 patients with leprosy and 413 healthy individuals. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test and stepwise multivariate analysis.    Results  There was a higher frequency of activating KIR genes ( KIR2DS1 ,  2DS2  and  3DS1 ) together with their HLA ligands in the tuberculoid (TT) group as compared to the lepromatous leprosy (LL) group.  KIR2DL2/2DL2-C1  was more frequent in the patient, TT and LL groups than in the control group. Borderline patients presented a higher frequency of inhibitory pairs when compared to the control group, and a higher frequency of activating pairs as compared to the LL group. Multivariate analysis confirmed the associations and demonstrated that being a female is a protective factor against the development of the disease  per se  and the more severe clinical form.    Conclusions  This study showed that activating and inhibitory KIR genes may influence the development of leprosy – in particular, activating genes may protect against the more aggressive form of the disease – thereby demonstrating the role of NK cells in the immunopathology of the disease.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-438) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Influence of KIR genes and their HLA ligands in the pathogenesis of leprosy in a hyperendemic population of Rondonópolis, Southern Brazil