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Background  The number of studies regarding the incidence of multidrug resistant strains and distribution of genes encoding virulence factors, which have colonized the post-Soviet states, is considerably limited. The aim of the study was (1) to assess the  Staphylococcus (S.) aureus  nasal carriage rate, including Methicillin Resistant  S. aureus  (MRSA) strains in adult Ukrainian population, (2) to determine antibiotic resistant pattern and (3) the occurrence of Panton Valentine Leukocidine (PVL)-, Fibronectin-Binding Protein A (FnBPA)- and Exfoliative Toxin (ET)-encoding genes.    Methods  Nasal samples for  S. aureus  culture were obtained from 245 adults. The susceptibility pattern for several classes of antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. The virulence factor encoding genes,  mecA, lukS-lukF, eta, etb, etd, fnbA,  were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).    Results  The  S. aureus  nasal carriage rate was 40%. The prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in adults was 3.7%.  LukS-lukF  genes were detected in over 58% of the strains. ET-encoding genes were detected in over 39% of the strains and the most prevalent was  etd . The  fnbA  gene was detected in over 59% of the strains. All MRSA isolates tested were positive for the  mecA  gene.  LukS-lukF  genes and the  etd  gene were commonly co-present in MRSA ,  while  lukS-lukF  genes and the  fnbA  gene were commonly co-present in Methicillin Sensitive  S. aureus  (MSSA) isolates. No significant difference was detected between the occurrence of  lukS-lukF  genes (P > 0.05) and the  etd  gene (P > 0.05) when comparing MRSA and MSSA. The occurrence of the  fnbA  gene was significantly more frequent in MSSA strains (P < 0.05) .Conclusions  In Ukraine,  S. aureus  is a common cause of infection. The prevalence of  S. aureus  nasal carriage in our cohort of patients from Ukraine was 40.4%. We found that 9.1% of the strains were classified as MRSA and all MRSA isolates tested positive for the  mecA  gene. We also observed a high prevalence of PVL- and ET- encoding genes among  S. aureus  nasal carriage strains. A systematic surveillance system can help prevent transmission and spread of drug resistant toxin producing  S. aureus  strains.

Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in Ukraine: antibacterial resistance and virulence factor encoding genes