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Background  Recent epidemiological studies suggest that periodontitis is a major risk factor for renal failure and cerebral infarction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association among periodontitis, renal failure, and cerebral infarction, focusing on microbiological and immunological features.    Methods  Twenty-one patients treated with hemodialysis (HD) were enrolled in this study. They were 8 with diabetic nephropathy and 13 with non-diabetic nephropathy. Blood examination, periodontal examination, brain magnetic resonance image (MRI), and dental radiography were performed on all patients. Subgingival plaque, saliva, and blood samples were analyzed for the periodontal pathogens,  Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans  ( A. actinomycetemcomitans ),  Porphyromonas gingivalis  ( P. gingivalis ), and  Prevotella intermedia  ( P. intermedia ) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).    Results  We found that the patients with diabetic nephropathy had more  A. actinomycetemcomitans  compared with non-diabetic nephropathy (P = 0.038) in dental plaque. Furthermore, the patients with diabetic nephropathy showed a significantly higher incidence of cerebral infarction compared with those with non-diabetic nephropathy (P = 0.029). Clinical oral and radiographic scores tended to be higher among patients in the diabetic nephropathy group than in the non-diabetic nephropathy group.    Conclusions  Periodontal pathogens, particularly  A. actinomycetemcomitans , may play a role, at least a part, in the development of cerebral infarction in Japanese HD patients with diabetic nephropathy.

bmc infectious diseases

High incidence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansinfection in patients with cerebral infarction and diabetic renal failure: a cross-sectional study