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Background   Coccidioides immitis  and  C. posadasii  cause coccidioidomycosis, a disease that is endemic to North and South America, but for Central America, the incidence of coccidioidomycosis has not been clearly established. Several studies suggest genetic variability in these fungi; however, little definitive information has been discovered about the variability of  Coccidioides  fungi in Mexico (MX) and Argentina (AR). Thus, the goals for this work were to study 32  Coccidioides  spp. isolates from MX and AR, identify the species of these  Coccidioides  spp. isolates, analyse their phenotypic variability, examine their genetic variability and investigate the  Coccidioides  reproductive system and its level of genetic differentiation.    Methods   Coccidioides  spp. isolates from MX and AR were taxonomically identified by phylogenetic inference analysis using partial sequences of the  Ag2/PRA  gene and their phenotypic characteristics analysed. The genetic variability, reproductive system and level of differentiation were estimated using AFLP markers. The level of genetic variability was assessed measuring the percentage of polymorphic loci, number of effective allele, expected heterocygosity and Index of Association ( I   A  ). The degree of genetic differentiation was determined by AMOVA. Genetic similarities among isolates were estimated using Jaccard index. The UPGMA was used to contsruct the corresponding dendrogram. Finally, a network of haplotypes was built to evaluate the genealogical relationships among AFLP haplotypes.    Results  All isolates of  Coccidioides  spp. from MX and AR were identified as  C. posadasii . No phenotypic variability was observed among the  C. posadasii  isolates from MX and AR. Analyses of genetic diversity and population structure were conducted using AFLP markers. Different estimators of genetic variability indicated that the  C. posadasii  isolates from MX and AR had high genetic variability. Furthermore, AMOVA, dendrogram and haplotype network showed a small genetic differentiation among the  C. posadasii  populations analysed from MX and AR. Additionally, the  I   A   calculated for the isolates suggested that the species has a recombinant reproductive system.    Conclusions  No phenotypic variability was observed among the  C. posadasii  isolates from MX and AR. The high genetic variability observed in the isolates from MX and AR and the small genetic differentiation observed among the  C. posadasii  isolates analysed, suggest that this species could be distributed as a single genetic population in Latin America.

AFLP analysis reveals high genetic diversity but low population structure in Coccidioides posadasiiisolates from Mexico and Argentina