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Background   Leishmania  preferentially infects macrophages, which allow the parasite to multiply but can also kill the parasite. Although the T cell response in human leishmaniasis is well-characterized, little is known about the concomitant macrophage behavior. The aim of this study was to characterize the macrophage immune response after  Leishmania braziliensis  infection in cells derived from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) patients, subclinical individuals (SC) and healthy control subjects (HS).    Methods  Peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages from the different groups were exposed to  L. braziliensis in vitro  and were evaluated for susceptibility to  Leishmania  infection, ability to kill  Leishmania  and chemokine/cytokine production. Nitric Oxide (NO) and superoxide (O 2  - ) levels in the supernatant of infected macrophage cultures were monitored.    Results  After exposure to  L. braziliensis , peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages from SC individuals showed a lower infection rate and a smaller number of intracellular amastigotes compared to cells from CL and ML patients. Macrophages from CL and ML patients produced more chemokines and TNF-α than those from the SC group. Production of NO and O 2  -  were detected but did not vary significantly among the different groups.    Conclusions  Our data indicate that macrophages play a pivotal role in controlling  L. braziliensis  infection and in leishmaniasis pathology by secreting pro-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines that activate and recruit T cells, overwhelming the inflammatory response.

Macrophages participate in host protection and the disease pathology associated with Leishmania braziliensisinfection