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Background  The presence of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) producing  Lactobacillus  in the vagina may play a role in controlling genital HIV-1 shedding. Sensitive molecular methods improve our ability to characterize the vaginal microbiota; however, they cannot characterize phenotype. We assessed the concordance of H 2 O 2 -producing  Lactobacillus  detected by culture with quantitative PCR (qPCR) detection of  Lactobacillus  species commonly assumed to be H 2 O 2 -producers.    Methods  Samples were collected as part of a prospective cohort study of HIV-1 seropositive US women. Cervicovaginal lavage specimens were tested for  L. crispatus  and  L. jensenii  using 16S rRNA gene qPCR assays. Vaginal swabs were cultured for  Lactobacillus  and tested for H 2 O 2 -production. We calculated a kappa statistic to assess concordance between culture and qPCR.    Results  Culture and qPCR results were available for 376 visits from 57 women. Lactobacilli were detected by culture at 308 (82%) visits, of which 233 of 308 (76%) produced H 2 O 2 .  L. crispatus  and/or  L. jensenii  were detected at 215 (57%) visits. Concordance between detection of  L. crispatus  and/or  L. jensenii  by qPCR and H 2 O 2 -producing  Lactobacillus  by culture was 75% (kappa = 0.45).    Conclusions  Among HIV-1 seropositive women, there was a moderate level of concordance between H 2 O 2 -producing  Lactobacillus  detected by culture and the presence of  L. crispatus  and/or  L. jensenii  by qPCR. However, one-quarter of samples with growth of H 2 O 2 -producing lactobacilli did not have  L. crispatus  or  L. jensenii  detected by qPCR. This discordance may be due to the presence of other H 2 O 2 -producing  Lactobacillus  species.

bmc infectious diseases

Detection of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in the vagina: a comparison of culture and quantitative PCR among HIV-1 seropositive women