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Background  Recognition of pathogenic microorganisms triggers in plants comprehensive transcriptional reprogramming. In order to identify transcriptome-level control elements required for plant immune responses we are examining several sets of genes found by microarray experiments to be co-activated in  Arabidopsis thaliana  (Arabidopsis) seedlings infected with the oomycete  Hyaloperonospora parasitica . Promoter motifs conserved in clusters of co-expressed genes may be involved in mediating coordinated gene activity patterns. Although numerous studies identified such conserved promoter motifs in co-expressed gene sets, reports confirming their function as regulatory elements are rare.    Results   FORC  A  is a hexameric promoter motif that is conserved in clusters of Arabidopsis genes co-expressed in response to fungal or oomycete pathogens as well as defined light treatments.  FORC  A  is generally more frequently present in Arabidopsis promoter regions than statistically expected. It constitutively interacts in a DNA-sequence specific manner with nuclear Arabidopsis proteins. These interactions are suppressed by defense-related stimuli and enhanced by prolonged exposure to constant light. Furthermore  FORC  A  mediates constitutive reporter gene expression in transiently transformed  Nicotiana benthamiana  leaves as well as in stably transformed Arabidopsis plants. Its responsiveness to defense-stimuli is modulated by the duration of light exposure. In plants grown under normal light conditions or constant darkness defense-related stimuli result in suppression of  FORC  A -mediated reporter gene expression, while in plants grown under constant light exposure, defense-induction results in enhanced  FORC  A -mediated expression. In addition, we found plants subjected to constant light exposure to exhibit reduced susceptibility to virulent  H. parasitica .    Conclusion  We propose that  FORC  A  is a regulatory cis-element that is present in a wide variety of Arabidopsis promoters. It integrates light- and defense-related signals and participates in adjusting the transcriptome to changes in environmental conditions.

FORCA, a promoter element that responds to crosstalk between defense and light signaling