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Background  The role of gene duplication in the structural and functional evolution of genomes has been well documented. Analysis of complete rice ( Oryza sativa ) genome sequences suggested an ancient whole genome duplication, common to all the grasses, some 50-70 million years ago and a more conserved segmental duplication between the distal regions of the short arms of chromosomes 11 and 12, whose evolutionary history is controversial.    Results  We have carried out a comparative analysis of this duplication within the wild species of the genus  Oryza , using a phylogenetic approach to specify its origin and evolutionary dynamics. Paralogous pairs were isolated for nine genes selected throughout the region in all  Oryza  genome types, as well as in two outgroup species,  Leersia perrieri  and  Potamophila parviflora . All  Oryza  species display the same global evolutionary dynamics but some lineage-specific features appear towards the proximal end of the duplicated region. The same level of conservation is observed between the redundant copies of the tetraploid species  Oryza minuta . The presence of orthologous duplicated blocks in the genome of the more distantly-related species,  Brachypodium distachyon , strongly suggests that this duplication between chromosomes 11 and 12 was formed as part of the whole genome duplication common to all Poaceae.    Conclusion  Our observations suggest that recurrent but heterogeneous concerted evolution throughout the  Oryza  genus and in related species has led specifically to the extremely high sequence conservation occurring in this region of more than 2 Mbp.

A recent duplication revisited: phylogenetic analysis reveals an ancestral duplication highly-conserved throughout the Oryza genus and beyond