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Background  Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Many species in the  Thea  section of the  Camellia  genus can be processed for drinking and have been domesticated. However, few investigations have focused on the genetic consequence of domestication and geographic origin of landraces on tea plants using credible wild and planted populations of a single species. Here,  C. taliensis  provides us with a unique opportunity to explore these issues.    Results  Fourteen nuclear microsatellite loci were employed to determine the genetic diversity and domestication origin of  C. taliensis , which were represented by 587 individuals from 25 wild, planted and recently domesticated populations.  C. taliensis  showed a moderate high level of overall genetic diversity. The greater reduction of genetic diversity and stronger genetic drift were detected in the wild group than in the recently domesticated group, indicating the loss of genetic diversity of wild populations due to overexploitation and habitat fragmentation. Instead of the endangered wild trees, recently domesticated individuals were used to compare with the planted trees for detecting the genetic consequence of domestication. A little and non-significant reduction in genetic diversity was found during domestication. The long life cycle, selection for leaf traits and gene flow between populations will delay the emergence of bottleneck in planted trees. Both phylogenetic and assignment analyses suggested that planted trees may have been domesticated from the adjacent central forest of western Yunnan and dispersed artificially to distant places.    Conclusions  This study contributes to the knowledge about levels and distribution of genetic diversity of  C. taliensis  and provides new insights into genetic consequence of domestication and geographic origin of planted trees of this species. As an endemic tea source plant, wild, planted and recently domesticated  C. taliensis  trees should all be protected for their unique genetic characteristics, which are valuable for tea breeding.

Genetic diversity and domestication origin of tea plant Camellia taliensis(Theaceae) as revealed by microsatellite markers