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Background  Kernel weight, controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTL), is an important component of grain yield in maize. Cytokinins (CKs) participate in determining grain morphology and final grain yield in crops.  ZmIPT2 , which is expressed mainly in the basal transfer cell layer, endosperm, and embryo during maize kernel development, encodes an isopentenyl transferase (IPT) that is involved in CK biosynthesis.    Results  The coding region of  ZmIPT2  was sequenced across a panel of 175 maize inbred lines that are currently used in Chinese maize breeding programs. Only 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and seven haplotypes were detected among these inbred lines. Nucleotide diversity ( π ) within the  ZmIPT2  window and coding region were 0.347 and 0.0047, respectively, and they were significantly lower than the mean nucleotide diversity value of 0.372 for maize Chromosome 2 ( P  < 0.01). Association mapping revealed that a single nucleotide change from cytosine (C) to thymine (T) in the  ZmIPT2  coding region, which converted a proline residue into a serine residue, was significantly associated with hundred kernel weight (HKW) in three environments ( P  <0.05), and explained 4.76% of the total phenotypic variation.  In vitro  characterization suggests that the dimethylallyl diphospate (DMAPP) IPT activity of ZmIPT2-T is higher than that of ZmIPT2-C, as the amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) consumed by ZmIPT2-T were 5.48-, 2.70-, and 1.87-fold, respectively, greater than those consumed by ZmIPT2-C. The effects of artificial selection on the  ZmIPT2  coding region were evaluated using Tajima’s D tests across six subgroups of Chinese maize germplasm, with the most frequent favorable allele identified in subgroup PB (Partner B).    Conclusions  These results showed that  ZmIPT2 , which is associated with kernel weight, was subjected to artificial selection during the maize breeding process.  ZmIPT2 - T  had higher IPT activity than  ZmIPT2 - C , and this favorable allele for kernel weight could be used in molecular marker-assisted selection for improvement of grain yield components in Chinese maize breeding programs.

A non-synonymous SNP within the isopentenyl transferase 2 locus is associated with kernel weight in Chinese maize inbreds (Zea mays L.)