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Background  The  Phosphate transporter 1  ( PHT1 ) gene family has crucial roles in phosphate uptake, translocation, remobilization, and optimization of metabolic processes using of Pi. Gene duplications expand the size of gene families, and subfunctionalization of paralog gene pairs is a predominant tendency after gene duplications. To date, experimental evidence for the evolutionary relationships among different paralog gene pairs of a given gene family in soybean is limited.    Results  All potential  Phosphate transporter 1  genes in  Glycine max  L. ( GmPHT1 ) were systematically analyzed using both bioinformatics and experimentation. The soybean  PHT1  genes originated from four distinct ancestors prior to the Gamma WGT and formed 7 paralog gene pairs and a singleton gene. Six of the paralog gene pairs underwent subfunctionalization, and while  GmPHT1;4  paralog gene experienced pseudogenization. Examination of long-term evolutionary changes, six  GmPHT1  paralog gene pairs diverged at multiple levels, in aspects of spatio-temporal expression patterns and/or quanta, phosphates affinity properties, subcellular localization, and responses to phosphorus stress.    Conclusions  These characterized divergences occurred in tissue- and/or development-specific modes, or conditional modes. Moreover, they have synergistically shaped the evolutionary rate of  GmPHT1  family, as well as maintained phosphorus homeostasis at cells and in the whole plant.

The pattern of Phosphate transporter 1 genes evolutionary divergence in Glycine maxL.