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Background  Cellulose is an integral component of the plant cell wall and accounts for approximately forty percent of total plant biomass but understanding its mechanism of synthesis remains elusive. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins function as catalytic subunits of a rosette-shaped complex that synthesizes cellulose at the plasma membrane.  Arabidopsis thaliana  and rice ( Oryza sativa ) secondary wall  CESA  loss-of-function mutants have weak stems and irregular or thin cell walls.    Results  Here, we identify candidates for secondary wall  CESA s in  Brachypodium distachyon  as having similar amino acid sequence and expression to those characterized in  A. thaliana , namely  CESA4 / 7 / 8 . To functionally characterize  BdCESA4  and  BdCESA7 , we generated loss-of-function mutants using artificial microRNA constructs, specifically targeting each gene driven by a maize ( Zea mays ) ubiquitin promoter. Presence of the transgenes reduced  BdCESA4  and  BdCESA7  transcript abundance, as well as stem area, cell wall thickness of xylem and fibers, and the amount of crystalline cellulose in the cell wall.    Conclusion  These results suggest  BdCESA4  and  BdCESA7  play a key role in  B. distachyon  secondary cell wall biosynthesis.

Perturbation ofBrachypodium distachyon CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A4or7results in abnormal cell walls