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Background  Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are essential micronutrients for plant growth and development, their deficiency or excess severely impaired physiological and biochemical reactions of plants. Therefore, a tightly controlled zinc and iron uptake and homeostasis network has been evolved in plants. The Zinc-regulated transporters, Iron-regulated transporter-like Proteins (ZIP) are capable of uptaking and transporting divalent metal ion and are suggested to play critical roles in balancing metal uptake and homeostasis, though a detailed analysis of  ZIP  gene family in maize is still lacking.    Results  Nine ZIP-coding genes were identified in maize genome. It was revealed that the ZmZIP proteins share a conserved transmembrane domain and a variable region between TM-3 and TM-4. Transiently expression in onion epidermal cells revealed that all ZmZIP proteins were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. The yeast complementation analysis was performed to test the Zn or Fe transporter activity of ZmZIP proteins. Expression analysis showed that the  ZmIRT1  transcripts were dramatically induced in response to Zn- and Fe-deficiency, though the expression profiles of other  ZmZIP  changed variously. The expression patterns of  ZmZIP  genes were observed in different stages of embryo and endosperm development. The accumulations of  ZmIRT1  and  ZmZIP6  were increased in the late developmental stages of embryo, while  ZmZIP4  was up-regulated during the early development of embryo. In addition, the expression of  ZmZIP5  was dramatically induced associated with middle stage development of embryo and endosperm.    Conclusions  These results suggest that  ZmZIP  genes encode functional Zn or Fe transporters that may be responsible for the uptake, translocation, detoxification and storage of divalent metal ion in plant cells. The various expression patterns of  ZmZIP  genes in embryo and endosperm indicates that they may be essential for ion translocation and storage during differential stages of embryo and endosperm development. The present study provides new insights into the evolutionary relationship and putative functional divergence of the  ZmZIP  gene family during the growth and development of maize.

Identification and characterization of the zinc-regulated transporters, iron-regulated transporter-like protein (ZIP) gene family in maize