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Background  Entry into mitosis is regulated by cyclin dependent kinases that in turn are phosphoregulated. In most eukaryotes, phosphoregulation is through WEE1 kinase and CDC25 phosphatase. In higher plants a homologous CDC25 gene is unconfirmed and hence the mitotic inducer  Schizosaccharomyces pombe  ( Sp )  cdc25  has been used as a tool in transgenic plants to probe cell cycle function. Expression of  Spcdc25  in tobacco BY-2 cells accelerates entry into mitosis and depletes cytokinins; in whole plants it stimulates lateral root production. Here we show, for the first time, that alterations to cytokinin and ethylene signaling explain the rooting phenotype elicited by  Spcdc25  expression in Arabidopsis.    Results  Expressing  Spcdc25  in Arabidopsis results in increased formation of lateral and adventitious roots, a reduction of primary root width and more isodiametric cells in the root apical meristem (RAM) compared with wild type. Furthermore it stimulates root morphogenesis from hypocotyls when cultured on two way grids of increasing auxin and cytokinin concentrations. Microarray analysis of seedling roots expressing  Spcdc25  reveals that expression of 167 genes is changed by > 2-fold. As well as genes related to stress responses and defence, these include 19 genes related to transcriptional regulation and signaling. Amongst these was the up-regulation of genes associated with ethylene synthesis and signaling. Seedlings expressing  Spcdc25  produced 2-fold more ethylene than WT and exhibited a significant reduction in hypocotyl length both in darkness or when exposed to 10 ppm ethylene. Furthermore in  Spcdc25  expressing plants, the cytokinin receptor  AHK3  was down-regulated, and endogenous levels of iPA were reduced whereas endogeous IAA concentrations in the roots increased.    Conclusions  We suggest that the reduction in root width and change to a more isodiametric cell phenotype in the RAM in  Spcdc25  expressing plants is a response to ethylene over-production. The increased rooting phenotype in  Spcdc25  expressing plants is due to an increase in the ratio of endogenous auxin to cytokinin that is known to stimulate an increased rate of lateral root production. Overall, our data reveal important cross talk between cell division and plant growth regulators leading to developmental changes.

bmc plant biology

Perturbation of cytokinin and ethylene-signalling pathways explain the strong rooting phenotype exhibited by Arabidopsis expressing the Schizosaccharomyces pombe mitotic inducer, cdc25